A calculator sits next to a stack of financial statements.
A calculator sits next to a stack of financial statements.

A Practical Guide to Non-economic Vs. Economic Damages

Quick Answer

Non-economic damages and economic damages differ in calculation methodology and proof. Economic damages are quantifiable losses: lost earnings, lost earning capacity, medical expenses, lost profits, business interruption losses, future medical costs, loss of household services. The forensic CPA calculates economic damages using before-and-after, yardstick, or market-share methodology with present-value discounting using Treasury risk-free rates. Non-economic damages compensate for pain and suffering, mental anguish, loss of consortium, and loss of enjoyment of life — typically determined by the trier of fact, not a forensic CPA. Florida Statutes Chapter 768 caps non-economic damages in certain personal-injury cases. Joey Friedman CPA PA, ABV-credentialed and serving Hollywood FL, Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Tampa, Orlando, and West Palm Beach, prepares Daubert-defensible economic-damages reports $5,000-$100,000+.

Need an economic damages expert for your case? Joey Friedman, CPA/ABV quantifies economic damages and provides expert witness and litigation support to attorneys in Florida and nationwide. Contact the firm to discuss your damages matter.

In civil litigation, damages are the financial backbone of any recovery claim. Attorneys who understand the distinction between economic and non-economic damages — and who retain the right financial expert to quantify them — are better positioned to present compelling damages arguments and withstand challenges from opposing counsel.

This guide explains each category, how courts approach them, and what attorneys need from a forensic accountant or economic damages expert when building a damages case.

Economic Damages: What They Cover and How They Are Calculated

Economic damages refer to quantifiable financial losses that directly result from the defendant’s conduct. Because they are measurable, economic damages are typically the centerpiece of any damages calculation and are most amenable to expert testimony. Common categories include:

  • Lost wages and earning capacity — past wage loss from the date of injury through trial, and future lost earnings projected over the plaintiff’s remaining work life
  • Medical expenses — past medical bills and projected future care costs, often requiring coordination between economic experts and treating physicians
  • Lost business profits or business value — in commercial litigation, this category may involve complex business valuation methodology and lost profits analysis
  • Property damage and repair costs — ascertainable through market comparables or repair estimates
  • Out-of-pocket costs and consequential losses — incidental financial losses flowing directly from the defendant’s wrongful act

An economic damages expert applies accepted financial and actuarial methodology to calculate each component, discount future losses to present value, and document the analysis in a court-ready report.

Non-Economic Damages: Scope and Evidentiary Challenges

Non-economic damages compensate plaintiffs for harms that are real but not easily reduced to a dollar figure. These include pain and suffering, emotional distress, loss of enjoyment of life, loss of consortium, and similar categories. Because they are subjective, non-economic damages are harder to quantify and are more often contested.

An economic expert does not typically calculate non-economic damages, but may assist in explaining to a jury the financial context that informs the overall damages picture — for example, explaining how wage loss and lost earning capacity calculations were derived, which helps the jury place non-economic damages in proportion.

Common Errors in Opposing Financial Analyses

When opposing counsel retains an economic damages expert, attorneys need to know what to challenge. Common errors in opposing expert analyses include:

  • Incorrect discount rate selection — using an improper rate to reduce future losses to present value understates or overstates damages
  • Failure to account for mitigation — an opposing expert may ignore the plaintiff’s obligation to mitigate, inflating wage loss figures
  • Cherry-picking the damages period — selecting an artificially favorable start or end date for damages accrual
  • Using unreliable comparables in lost profits analyses — in business disputes, relying on companies that are not truly comparable to the subject business
  • Conflating economic and non-economic losses — inflating the “economic” label to cover losses that courts treat as non-economic

A rebuttal expert can identify these weaknesses and provide a competing analysis that withstands cross-examination. For more on how rebuttal experts serve litigation counsel, see the firm’s litigation support services.

The Role of a Forensic Accountant in Damages Determinations

In commercial litigation, business disputes, and cases involving significant financial complexity, the line between forensic accounting and economic damages analysis often blurs. A forensic accountant brings skills critical to building an economic damages case:

  • Reconstructing financial records when the opposing party has not fully disclosed income or business performance
  • Conducting lost profits analyses in breach of contract, fraud, and business tort cases
  • Providing business valuation where loss of business value — rather than lost profits — is the appropriate measure of damages
  • Quantifying economic damages in a manner that satisfies Daubert reliability standards

When to Retain the Expert

Attorneys handling cases with significant economic damages claims should retain an expert early — ideally before document requests are served, so the expert can help identify the financial records needed to build a complete damages picture. Early engagement also gives the expert time to review the record thoroughly, run damages models, and prepare a well-supported report well ahead of expert disclosure deadlines.

In complex commercial matters involving lost profits, business interruption, or fraud-related financial losses, the forensic accountant’s analysis may also support the attorney’s settlement position by providing a credible quantified range of damages.

Retain an Economic Damages Expert Attorneys Rely On

Joey Friedman CPA PA provides economic damages analysis, lost profits calculations, and forensic accounting services for attorneys in Florida and nationwide. The firm works directly with litigation counsel to produce defensible, court-ready damages analyses tailored to the specific facts of each case.

To discuss your matter and determine whether an economic damages expert engagement fits your case strategy, contact the firm today.

Florida Counties — Forensic Accounting and Business Valuation Hubs

Joey Friedman CPA PA serves clients throughout Florida. For county-specific forensic accounting and business valuation engagement details, see: